none. The mean of developed seeds on the primary (terminal) umbel of Angelica archangelica was 3462 +- 280 (n = 12). The proportion of seeds destroyed by a specialist microlepidopteran herbivore, Phaulernis fulviguttella, varied greatly, the average being 35%. The degree of seeds damaged had no statistical correlation with plant size, seed number or plant distance from other conspecific plants with seeds. The ichneumonid Diadegma scotiae was found to parasitize Phaulernis larvae.