A new Vietnamese isolate of Spodoptera litura nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) was applied in local soybean fields, and the effect of its application on S. litura larvae was examined. The virus was propagated in vivo and a crude extract was prepared for spraying at high and low doses (1.7 x 10 super(8) and 3.3 x 10 super(7) occlusion bodies/m super(2), respectively). The percentage of larvae infected with NPV increased from 22.2% on the day before NPV application (Day 0) to 50.8% (Day 6) in the high dose treatment plot, and from 7.9% (Day 0) to 35.7% (Day 6) in the low-dose plot. Microsporidium sp. was observed as another major pathogen of S. litura larvae. Three dominant parasitic natural enemies were found in S. litura larvae: Microplitis manilae (Braconidae), Chelonus sp. (Braconidae), and Peribaea orbata (Tachinidae). The fate of parasitoids developing within virus- and Microsporidium-infected hosts differed between these three parasitoids; more Chelonus sp. emerging from infected hosts died during their larval stage before spinning cocoons, or failed to reach adult eclosion, than did P. orbata. This suggests that the impact of virus application on the survival of parasitoids varies from species to species. Parasitoids; Natural enemies; Biological control; Pathogens; Survival; Eclosion; occlusion bodies; Soybeans; Spraying; Spinning; Nuclear polyhedrosis virus; Chelonus; Spodoptera litura; Braconidae; Noctuidae; Microsporidium; Microplitis; Lepidoptera; Tachinidae; Vietnam none