none The relative abundance, phenology, and host relationships of parasites associated with the native holly leafminer, Phytomyza ilicicola Loew were studied on American holly (Ilex opaca Aiton) in central Kentucky. Two parasite species, Opius striativentris Gahan (Braconidae) and Sphegigaster sp. (Pteromalidae) were reared from leafminer puparia. O. striativentris , the predominant parasite, emerged in the field in late April and May, and females oviposited in newly-hatched leaf-miners. First instars were present within host larvae when leafminers first appeared in June, but further development was delayed until the host pupated the following spring. Parasitism by O. striativentris did not significantly affect the leaf area mined by P. ilicicola larvae. Sphegigaster sp. parasitized late pupae of P. ilicicola or fed as a facultative hyperparasite on the pupa of O. striativentris .