none Formica polyctena; INSECT-PREY; Pauesia silvestris (Hymenoptera); Prey foraging behaviour effects; MUTUALISM-; Cinara pinea & C. pini (Hemiptera); Hymenopteran parasite of associate foraging behaviour effects; GERMANY-; Bayreuth; Hemipteran associates, insect prey foraging behaviour effects Pauesia silvestris; HEMIPTERAN-HOSTS; Cinara pinea & C. pini; Mortality risk from host associate effects; MORTALITY-; Risk from hemipteran host associate, foraging behaviour relations; GERMANY-; Bayreuth; Foraging behaviour, mortality risk effects Cinara pinea; Cinara pini; MUTUALISM-; Formica polyctena (Hymenoptera); Hymenopteran parasite foraging behaviour effects; HYMENOPTERAN-PARASITES; Pauesia silvestris; Parasite foraging behaviour; GERMANY-; Bayreuth; Hymenopteran parasite foraging behaviour; Mortality risk from hymenopteran associate effects When searching on Scots pines, females of the aphid parasitoid Pauesia silvestris responded to differences in mortality risks, host distribution and host quality by changing foraging tactics. They foraged more successfully (i.e. they laid more eggs per unit time) on the pine aphid Cinara pini than on Cinara pinea. Therefore, the former species was considered to be of higher quality. However, P. silvestris suffered from a high mortality (19.5%) from ant aggression when foraging for C. pini, while mortality was zero on pines with C. pinea. All females that were killed were foraging on the bark, while females searching on needles were safe from ant attacks. When searching for C. pinea, P. silvestris spent significantly more time on needles if the aphid colonies were ant-attended. On pines with C. pini, in contrast, females spent more time on bark in ant-attended colonies. The high adult mortality risk on bark was counterbalanced by a significantly higher foraging success in ant-attended colonies.